{"id":12835,"date":"2026-06-21T12:11:27","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T06:41:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/?p=12835"},"modified":"2026-07-22T21:48:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T16:18:10","slug":"python-syllabus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/python-syllabus\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Syllabus 2026: Every Topic You Need, in the Right Order"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Python is one of those rare languages where the barrier to writing your first line of code is almost insultingly low. A single print() statement and you’re technically a Python programmer. What’s less clear to most beginners is what comes after that, which topics to cover, in what sequence, and how to get from syntax basics to something that actually resembles a real project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That’s what this syllabus is for. It maps out a complete Python learning path for beginners, from installing Python to writing classes and working with libraries like NumPy and Pandas. According to the JetBrains Python Developers Survey<\/a>, Python consistently ranks as one of the most used languages for data science, web development, and automation, which makes the question of what to learn first genuinely important. This syllabus answers that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nScaler Carousel<\/title>\n\n<!-- Plus Jakarta Sans Font -->\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<!-- Swiper CSS -->\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.css\">\n\n<style>\n.scaler-carousel {\n font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n max-width: 900px;\n margin: 24px auto;\n padding: 0;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n.scaler-carousel *,\n.scaler-carousel *::before,\n.scaler-carousel *::after {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n\/* Header *\/\n.scaler-header {\n text-align: center;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n}\n.scaler-header-title {\n font-size: 22px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #1a1a2e;\n margin: 0 0 6px;\n line-height: 1.2;\n}\n.scaler-header-subtitle {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #6b7280;\n margin: 0;\n font-weight: 500;\n}\n\n\/* Swiper *\/\n.swiper.scaler-swiper {\n padding-bottom: 48px;\n}\n.scaler-swiper .swiper-slide {\n height: auto;\n display: flex;\n align-items: stretch;\n}\n\/* Navigation arrows \u2014 styled to match the topics HorizontalScroll controls *\/\n.scaler-swiper .swiper-button-next,\n.scaler-swiper .swiper-button-prev {\n width: 46px;\n height: 46px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n background: #ffffff;\n box-shadow: 0 8px 16px 0 rgba(50, 71, 102, 0.16);\n top: calc(50% - 24px); \/* centre on the cards, ignoring the pagination space below *\/\n transform: translateY(-50%);\n margin-top: 0;\n}\n.scaler-swiper .swiper-button-prev { left: 10px; }\n.scaler-swiper .swiper-button-next { right: 10px; }\n\/* hide Swiper's default font-icon arrow and draw the topics chevron via a mask *\/\n.scaler-swiper .swiper-button-next::after,\n.scaler-swiper .swiper-button-prev::after {\n content: \"\";\n width: 20px;\n height: 20px;\n background-color: #61738e;\n -webkit-mask: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg' viewBox='0 0 32 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1.35;\n}\n.scaler-desc {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: #6b7280;\n margin: 0;\n line-height: 1.45;\n}\n\n\/* Stats row *\/\n.scaler-stats {\n display: flex;\n border-top: 1px solid #e5e7eb;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb;\n padding: 12px 0;\n}\n.scaler-stat {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 2px;\n flex: 1;\n min-width: 0;\n text-align: center;\n}\n.scaler-stat:not(:last-child) {\n border-right: 1px solid #d1d5db;\n}\n.scaler-stat-value {\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #111827;\n white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.scaler-stat-label {\n font-size: 12px;\n color: #9ca3af;\n}\n\n\/* Company logos *\/\n.scaler-logos {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 12px;\n flex-wrap: nowrap;\n}\n.scaler-company-logo {\n height: 20px !important;\n width: auto !important;\n max-width: 70px;\n object-fit: contain;\n display: inline-block;\n}\n.scaler-logo-more {\n font-size: 12px;\n color: #9ca3af;\n white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.scaler-logo-strip {\n display: block;\n width: 100% !important;\n max-width: 100%;\n min-width: 0;\n height: auto !important;\n object-fit: contain;\n}\n\n\/* CTA *\/\n.scaler-card-btns {\n margin-top: auto;\n}\n.scaler-card-btns button {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n gap: 8px;\n width: 100%;\n padding: 12px 16px;\n border: none;\n border-radius: 10px;\n background-color: #255aad;\n color: #ffffff;\n font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n cursor: pointer;\n text-decoration: none;\n transition: opacity 0.15s ease;\n}\n.scaler-card-btns button:hover,\n.scaler-card-btns button:focus {\n opacity: 0.88;\n color: #ffffff;\n}\n.scaler-card-btns button svg {\n flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 1000px) {\n .scaler-carousel { max-width: 96vw; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div class=\"scaler-carousel\">\n <div class=\"scaler-header\">\n <h2 class=\"scaler-header-title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"transform-your-career\"><\/span>Transform Your Career<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n <p class=\"scaler-header-subtitle\">Choose from our industry-leading programs designed for career success<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"swiper scaler-swiper\">\n <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n <!-- CARD 1 -->\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n <div class=\"scaler-card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-badge\">NSDC Certified<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top\">\n <div class=\"scaler-icon-wrap\">\n <svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"16 18 22 12 16 6\"\/><polyline points=\"8 6 2 12 8 18\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top-content\">\n <h3 class=\"scaler-title\">Modern Software and AI Engineering Program<\/h3>\n <p class=\"scaler-desc\">Master full-stack development with AI integration<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stats\">\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">12 Months<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Duration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">AI-Led<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Curriculum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">Career Support<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Support<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-logos\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Google_2015_logo.svg\" alt=\"Google\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Amazon_logo.svg\" alt=\"Amazon\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/42\/Paytm_logo.png\" alt=\"Paytm\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <span class=\"scaler-logo-more\">+1000 more<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-btns\">\n <button onclick=\"window.open('https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/academy\/', '_blank')\">\n Go to Program\n <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8H13M13 8L9 4M13 8L9 12\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- CARD 2 -->\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n <div class=\"scaler-card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-badge\">NSDC Certified<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top\">\n <div class=\"scaler-icon-wrap\">\n <svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><ellipse cx=\"12\" cy=\"5\" rx=\"9\" ry=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M3 5v14c0 1.66 4.03 3 9 3s9-1.34 9-3V5\"\/><path d=\"M3 12c0 1.66 4.03 3 9 3s9-1.34 9-3\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top-content\">\n <h3 class=\"scaler-title\">Modern Data Science and ML with specialisation in AI<\/h3>\n <p class=\"scaler-desc\">Advanced data science techniques with AI specialization<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stats\">\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">12 Months<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Duration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">AI-Led<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Curriculum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">Career Support<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Support<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-logos\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Google_2015_logo.svg\" alt=\"Google\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Amazon_logo.svg\" alt=\"Amazon\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/42\/Paytm_logo.png\" alt=\"Paytm\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <span class=\"scaler-logo-more\">+1000 more<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-btns\">\n <button onclick=\"window.open('https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/data-science-course\/', '_blank')\">\n Go to Program\n <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8H13M13 8L9 4M13 8L9 12\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- CARD 3 -->\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n <div class=\"scaler-card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-badge\">NSDC Certified<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top\">\n <div class=\"scaler-icon-wrap\">\n <svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 2L13.5 8.5L20 10L13.5 11.5L12 18L10.5 11.5L4 10L10.5 8.5L12 2Z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top-content\">\n <h3 class=\"scaler-title\">Advanced AIML with Specialisation in Agentic AI<\/h3>\n <p class=\"scaler-desc\">Deep dive into AIML with focus on Agentic systems<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stats\">\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">12 Months<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Duration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">AI-Led<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Curriculum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">Career Support<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Support<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-logos\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Google_2015_logo.svg\" alt=\"Google\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Amazon_logo.svg\" alt=\"Amazon\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/42\/Paytm_logo.png\" alt=\"Paytm\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <span class=\"scaler-logo-more\">+1000 more<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-btns\">\n <button onclick=\"window.open('https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/ai-machine-learning-course\/', '_blank')\">\n Go to Program\n <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8H13M13 8L9 4M13 8L9 12\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- CARD 4 -->\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n <div class=\"scaler-card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-badge\">NSDC Certified<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top\">\n <div class=\"scaler-icon-wrap\">\n <svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\n <path d=\"M17.5 19H9a7 7 0 1 1 6.71-9h1.79a4.5 4.5 0 1 1 0 9Z\" \/>\n <path d=\"M9.2 15.2a3 3 0 1 0 4.24-4.24\" \/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top-content\">\n <h3 class=\"scaler-title\">DevOps, Cloud & AI Platform Engineering<\/h3>\n <p class=\"scaler-desc\">Build and manage AI-powered cloud infrastructure<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stats\">\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">12 Months<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Duration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">AI-Led<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Curriculum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">Career Support<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Support<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-logos\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Google_2015_logo.svg\" alt=\"Google\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Amazon_logo.svg\" alt=\"Amazon\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-company-logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/42\/Paytm_logo.png\" alt=\"Paytm\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <span class=\"scaler-logo-more\">+1000 more<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-btns\">\n <button onclick=\"window.open('https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/devops-course\/', '_blank')\">\n Go to Program\n <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8H13M13 8L9 4M13 8L9 12\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- CARD 5 -->\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n <div class=\"scaler-card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-badge\">NSDC Certified<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top\">\n <div class=\"scaler-icon-wrap\">\n <svg width=\"26\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\n <line x1=\"3\" y1=\"22\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"22\" \/>\n <line x1=\"6\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"6\" y2=\"11\" \/>\n <line x1=\"10\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"11\" \/>\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"14\" y2=\"11\" \/>\n <line x1=\"18\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"11\" \/>\n <polygon points=\"12 2 20 7 4 7\" \/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-top-content\">\n <h3 class=\"scaler-title\">AI Engineering Advanced Certification by IIT-Roorkee<\/h3>\n <p class=\"scaler-desc\">Premier AI engineering certification from IIT-Roorkee<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stats\">\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">3 Months<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Duration<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">AI-Led<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Curriculum<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-stat\"><span class=\"scaler-stat-value\">Career Support<\/span><span class=\"scaler-stat-label\">Support<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-logos\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-logo-strip\" src=\"https:\/\/scaler-blog-prod-wp-content.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/08135139\/iitr-icons-strip.png\" alt=\"Program highlights\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-card-btns\">\n <button onclick=\"window.open('https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/iit-roorkee-advanced-ai-engineering-course\/', '_blank')\">\n Go to Program\n <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8H13M13 8L9 4M13 8L9 12\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- Continue for remaining cards (6\u20138) using same pattern -->\n\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Swiper.js -->\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function () {\n const pathParts = window.location.pathname.split(\"\/\").filter(Boolean);\n const slug = pathParts[pathParts.length - 1] || \"\";\n const readableSlug = encodeURIComponent(slug);\n const buttons = document.querySelectorAll(\".scaler-card-btns button\");\n\n buttons.forEach((btn) => {\n const baseURL = btn.getAttribute(\"onclick\").match(\/'(.*?)'\/)[1];\n if (!baseURL.includes(\"utm_source=\")) {\n const separator = baseURL.includes(\"?\") ? \"&\" : \"?\";\n const updatedURL = `${baseURL}${separator}utm_source=blog&utm_medium=program_carousel&utm_content=${readableSlug}`;\n btn.setAttribute(\"onclick\", `window.open('${updatedURL}', '_blank')`);\n }\n });\n\n new Swiper(\".scaler-swiper\", {\n slidesPerView: 1,\n spaceBetween: 28,\n grabCursor: true,\n navigation: { nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\", prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\" },\n pagination: { el: \".swiper-pagination\", dynamicBullets: true, clickable: true },\n breakpoints: { 1000: { slidesPerView: 2 } },\n keyboard: { enabled: true },\n });\n});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"why-learn-python-and-what-this-syllabus-covers\"><\/span><strong>Why Learn Python and What This Syllabus Covers<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python’s readability is the real reason beginners gravitate toward it. The syntax is close enough to plain English that you spend less time fighting the language and more time understanding programming concepts. For a more detailed look at what Python can do,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/python\/\"> Scaler’s Python topics hub<\/a> covers the language from fundamentals to advanced patterns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This syllabus is broken into five modules, each building on the previous one. The order is what truly matters. Jumping into OOP before you understand functions, or touching Pandas before you know how lists work, is a reliable way to get confused and give up. Follow the sequence and you won’t have that problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Module<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Core Focus<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Approximate Duration<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>Python Basics: Syntax, Variables, Data Types<\/td><td>1 to 2 weeks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>Control Flow and Loops<\/td><td>1 week<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>Functions, Modules, and Error Handling<\/td><td>1 to 2 weeks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>Data Structures: Lists, Dicts, Sets, Tuples<\/td><td>1 to 2 weeks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>OOP, File Handling, and Popular Libraries<\/td><td>2 to 3 weeks<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Total time for a beginner working at a reasonable pace: roughly 6 to 10 weeks. That’s assuming a few hours of practice most days. If you’re only doing an hour on weekends, adjust accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"module-1-python-basics-syntax-variables-data-types\"><\/span><strong>Module 1: Python Basics (Syntax, Variables, Data Types)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first module is about getting Python onto your machine and understanding how it thinks. You’ll install Python from<a href=\"https:\/\/www.python.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> python.org<\/a>, write your first script, and start working with the building blocks that every Python program uses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Topic<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What You’ll Learn<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Practice Idea<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Installation and setup<\/td><td>Installing Python 3, using the REPL, writing and running .py files<\/td><td>Print your name and today’s date<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Variables and assignment<\/td><td>Naming variables, assigning values, reassigning<\/td><td>Store and print your age, city, and a favourite number<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data types<\/td><td>int, float, str, bool, None, type() function<\/td><td>Create variables of each type and print their types<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Basic operators<\/td><td>Arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment operators<\/td><td>Build a simple calculator for two numbers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>String operations<\/td><td>Concatenation, f-strings, slicing, string methods<\/td><td>Format and print a sentence using f-strings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>User input and output<\/td><td>input(), print(), type conversion<\/td><td>Ask for a name and print a greeting<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a deeper look at how Python handles its built-in types, the<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/tutorial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> official Python 3 tutorial<\/a> is comprehensive and well-written. It’s worth bookmarking. Also see<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/python\/python-data-types\/\"> Scaler’s guide to Python data types<\/a> for a beginner-friendly walkthrough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One thing beginners get wrong early on: Python is case-sensitive. name, Name, and NAME are three different variables and well, it is worth knowing before you spend 20 minutes debugging something that’s technically not a bug.<\/p>\n\n\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n\n <!-- Source Sans Pro (topics font) -->\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.css\">\n <script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.js\"><\/script>\n\n <style>\n :root {\n \/* topics design tokens (variables.scss) *\/\n --scaler-primary: #005bb3; \/* primary-color-80 *\/\n --scaler-primary-30: #8acaff; \/* primary-color-30 *\/\n --scaler-brand-blue: #255aad;\n --scaler-live: #ee001d; \/* accent-v5-60 *\/\n --scaler-live-bg: #ffe6e9; \/* accent-v5-10 *\/\n --scaler-card-bg: #ffffff; \/* neutral-scale-0 *\/\n --scaler-surface: #f4f6f9; \/* neutral-scale-2 *\/\n --scaler-text-primary: #1a2c47; \/* neutral-scale-12 *\/\n --scaler-text-secondary: #61738e; \/* neutral-scale-9 *\/\n --scaler-border: #d6dee5; \/* neutral-scale-4 *\/\n --scaler-radius: 16px;\n --scaler-radius-sm: 8px;\n --scaler-shadow: 0 8px 16px 0 rgba(50, 71, 102, 0.16);\n }\n\n .scaler-events-carousel * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n .scaler-events-carousel {\n font-family: \"Source Sans 3\", \"Source Sans Pro\", \"Roboto\", Arial, sans-serif;\n padding: 24px;\n position: relative;\n width: 100%;\n }\n .scaler-events-carousel__inner {\n max-width: 1000px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n position: relative;\n width: 100%;\n }\n\n \/* Header \u2014 calendar icon + \"Live Masterclasses\" *\/\n .scaler-events-header {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 8px;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n padding: 8px 0;\n }\n .scaler-events-header__icon { display: inline-flex; color: var(--scaler-text-primary); }\n .scaler-events-header__icon svg { width: 24px; height: 24px; }\n .scaler-events-header__title {\n font-size: 18px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: var(--scaler-text-primary);\n line-height: 1.3;\n margin: 0;\n }\n\n \/* Swiper wrap (holds side arrows) *\/\n .scaler-events-swiper-wrap { position: relative; }\n .scaler-events-carousel .swiper { width: 100%; padding: 4px; }\n .scaler-event-swiper .swiper-slide {\n width: 296px; \/* topics card_container width *\/\n height: auto;\n display: flex;\n }\n\n \/* Event Card \u2014 matches topics EventCard *\/\n .scaler-event-card {\n background: var(--scaler-card-bg);\n border: 1px solid var(--scaler-border);\n border-radius: var(--scaler-radius);\n padding: 16px;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n height: 100%;\n width: 100%;\n cursor: pointer;\n }\n\n \/* Header row: headshot + title\/name *\/\n .scaler-event-card__header { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; }\n .scaler-event-card__image-wrapper {\n position: relative;\n width: 88px;\n height: 88px;\n min-width: 88px;\n border-radius: var(--scaler-radius-sm);\n overflow: hidden;\n background: var(--scaler-primary-30);\n }\n .scaler-event-card__image {\n position: absolute;\n top: 0; left: 0;\n width: 100%; height: 100%;\n object-fit: cover;\n }\n \/* attendee-count footer (default) *\/\n .scaler-event-card__img-footer {\n position: absolute;\n left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n gap: 4px;\n padding: 1px 8px;\n background: var(--scaler-surface);\n color: var(--scaler-text-primary);\n font-size: 13px;\n line-height: 22px;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__img-footer svg { width: 14px; height: 14px; }\n \/* live chip (shown when status === current) *\/\n .scaler-event-card__live-badge {\n position: absolute;\n left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n gap: 5px;\n padding: 1px 8px;\n background: var(--scaler-live-bg);\n color: var(--scaler-live);\n font-size: 12px;\n line-height: 22px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.18em;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__live-badge::before {\n content: \"\";\n width: 6px; height: 6px;\n background: var(--scaler-live);\n border-radius: 50%;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__text { margin-left: 16px; min-width: 0; }\n .scaler-event-card__title {\n font-size: 20px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--scaler-text-primary);\n margin: 0;\n line-height: 1.4;\n display: -webkit-box;\n -webkit-line-clamp: 2;\n -webkit-box-orient: vertical;\n overflow: hidden;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__speaker {\n margin-top: 8px;\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 1.4;\n color: var(--scaler-text-primary);\n }\n\n \/* Takeaways *\/\n .scaler-event-card__takeaways {\n margin-top: 12px;\n min-height: 50px;\n max-height: 50px;\n overflow: hidden;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__takeaway-item {\n display: flex;\n align-items: flex-start;\n gap: 6px;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__dot {\n width: 4px; height: 4px;\n min-width: 4px;\n border-radius: 50%;\n background: var(--scaler-text-secondary);\n margin-top: 11px;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__takeaway-text {\n flex: 1;\n min-width: 0;\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 24px;\n color: var(--scaler-text-primary);\n white-space: nowrap;\n overflow: hidden;\n text-overflow: ellipsis;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__knowmore,\n .scaler-event-card__knowmore:link,\n .scaler-event-card__knowmore:visited {\n flex-shrink: 0;\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 24px;\n color: var(--scaler-primary) !important;\n text-decoration: none;\n white-space: nowrap;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__knowmore:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\n\n \/* Date + duration *\/\n .scaler-event-card__meta {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: space-between;\n margin-top: 20px;\n font-size: 13px;\n line-height: 24px;\n color: var(--scaler-text-primary);\n }\n .scaler-event-card__duration {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 4px;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__duration svg { width: 15px; height: 15px; }\n\n .scaler-event-card__spacer { flex-grow: 1; min-height: 4px; }\n\n \/* CTA \u2014 outlined \"Register with 1-Click\" *\/\n .scaler-event-card__cta,\n .scaler-event-card__cta:link,\n .scaler-event-card__cta:visited {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n width: 100%;\n margin-top: 16px;\n padding: 8px;\n background: transparent;\n color: var(--scaler-primary) !important;\n font-family: inherit;\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 24px;\n text-decoration: none;\n border: 1px solid var(--scaler-primary);\n border-radius: var(--scaler-radius-sm);\n cursor: pointer;\n transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n }\n .scaler-event-card__cta:hover,\n .scaler-event-card__cta:focus {\n background: var(--scaler-primary);\n color: #fff !important;\n }\n\n \/* Side navigation arrows *\/\n .scaler-events-nav__btn {\n position: absolute !important;\n top: 50% !important;\n transform: translateY(-50%) !important;\n z-index: 2;\n width: 46px !important;\n height: 46px !important;\n min-width: 46px;\n display: flex !important;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n padding: 0 !important;\n background: var(--scaler-card-bg) !important;\n border: none !important;\n border-radius: var(--scaler-radius-sm) !important;\n box-shadow: var(--scaler-shadow) !important;\n color: var(--scaler-text-secondary) !important;\n cursor: pointer;\n transition: opacity 0.2s ease, visibility 0.2s ease;\n }\n .scaler-nav-prev { left: 8px !important; }\n .scaler-nav-next { right: 8px !important; }\n .scaler-events-nav__btn svg {\n width: 20px !important;\n height: 20px !important;\n fill: var(--scaler-text-secondary) !important;\n }\n .scaler-events-nav__btn.swiper-button-disabled {\n opacity: 0;\n visibility: hidden;\n pointer-events: none;\n }\n\n \/* View All Events *\/\n .scaler-events-viewall,\n .scaler-events-viewall:link,\n .scaler-events-viewall:visited {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n gap: 6px;\n margin-top: 12px;\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--scaler-brand-blue) !important;\n text-decoration: none;\n }\n .scaler-events-viewall:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\n .scaler-events-viewall svg { width: 16px; height: 16px; fill: var(--scaler-brand-blue); }\n\n \/* hide swiper defaults *\/\n .scaler-events-pagination { display: none; }\n .scaler-events-carousel .swiper-button-prev,\n .scaler-events-carousel .swiper-button-next { display: none; }\n\n \/* Skeleton & Empty States *\/\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton { pointer-events: none; }\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__image-wrapper,\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__title,\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__speaker,\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__takeaways,\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__meta,\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__cta {\n background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--scaler-border) 25%, var(--scaler-surface) 50%, var(--scaler-border) 75%);\n background-size: 200% 100%;\n animation: shimmer 1.5s infinite;\n color: transparent !important;\n border-color: transparent !important;\n border-radius: 4px;\n }\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__title { min-height: 44px; }\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__speaker { min-height: 16px; }\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__meta { min-height: 24px; }\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__cta { min-height: 40px; }\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__image,\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__img-footer,\n .scaler-event-card--skeleton .scaler-event-card__live-badge { display: none; }\n\n @keyframes shimmer {\n 0% { background-position: 200% 0; }\n 100% { background-position: -200% 0; }\n }\n\n .scaler-events-empty {\n text-align: center;\n padding: 40px 20px;\n color: var(--scaler-text-secondary);\n font-size: 15px;\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .scaler-events-carousel { padding: 16px; }\n .scaler-event-swiper .swiper-slide { width: calc(100vw - 52px); }\n .scaler-events-nav__btn { display: none; }\n }\n <\/style>\n\n\n\n <div class=\"scaler-events-carousel js-scaler-carousel\">\n\n <template class=\"js-event-card-template\">\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n <article class=\"scaler-event-card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__header\">\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__image-wrapper\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\" alt=\"\" class=\"scaler-event-card__image\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__img-footer\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M11.199 7.957c-3.086 0-5.588 2.502-5.588 5.588s2.502 5.588 5.588 5.588c3.086 0 5.588-2.502 5.588-5.588s-2.502-5.588-5.588-5.588zM3.611 13.545c0-4.191 3.397-7.588 7.588-7.588s7.588 3.397 7.588 7.588c0 4.191-3.397 7.588-7.588 7.588s-7.588-3.397-7.588-7.588z\"\/><path d=\"M21.090 6.369h0.003c1.989 0 3.897 0.79 5.303 2.197s2.197 3.314 2.197 5.303-0.79 3.897-2.197 5.303c-1.406 1.407-3.314 2.197-5.303 2.197-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1s0.448-1 1-1c1.459 0 2.858-0.579 3.889-1.611s1.611-2.43 1.611-3.889c0-1.459-0.58-2.858-1.611-3.889s-2.429-1.611-3.888-1.611c-0.507 0.002-1.013 0.070-1.502 0.203-0.533 0.145-1.082-0.17-1.227-0.703s0.17-1.082 0.703-1.227c0.659-0.179 1.339-0.27 2.021-0.272z\"\/><path d=\"M10.906 21.364c-1.605 0-3.186 0.386-4.61 1.126s-2.649 1.811-3.572 3.124c-0.318 0.452-0.941 0.561-1.393 0.243s-0.561-0.941-0.243-1.393c1.107-1.576 2.577-2.862 4.286-3.749s3.606-1.351 5.532-1.351 3.823 0.463 5.532 1.351c1.709 0.888 3.179 2.174 4.286 3.749 0.318 0.452 0.209 1.076-0.243 1.393s-1.076 0.209-1.393-0.243c-0.923-1.313-2.148-2.385-3.572-3.124s-3.005-1.126-4.61-1.126z\"\/><\/svg>\n <span class=\"js-event-count\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__live-badge\" style=\"display: none;\">Live<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__text\">\n <h3 class=\"scaler-event-card__title\"><\/h3>\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__speaker js-event-speaker\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__takeaways js-event-takeaways\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__spacer\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-event-card__meta\">\n <span class=\"js-event-date\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-event-card__duration\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M16 6.333c6.443 0 11.667 5.223 11.667 11.667s-5.223 11.667-11.667 11.667c-6.443 0-11.667-5.223-11.667-11.667v0c0.008-6.44 5.226-11.659 11.666-11.667h0.001zM16 28.333c5.707 0 10.333-4.626 10.333-10.333s-4.626-10.333-10.333-10.333c-5.707 0-10.333 4.626-10.333 10.333v0c0.007 5.704 4.629 10.326 10.333 10.333h0.001z\"\/><path d=\"M16 18.667c-0 0-0.001 0-0.001 0-0.184 0-0.35-0.074-0.471-0.195v0c-0.121-0.121-0.195-0.287-0.195-0.471s0.075-0.351 0.195-0.471l4.951-4.952c0.121-0.121 0.287-0.195 0.471-0.195s0.351 0.075 0.471 0.195v0c0.121 0.121 0.195 0.287 0.195 0.471s-0.075 0.351-0.195 0.471l-4.949 4.951c-0.121 0.121-0.288 0.196-0.472 0.196v0z\"\/><path d=\"M19 3.667h-6c-0.368 0-0.667-0.298-0.667-0.667v0c0-0.368 0.298-0.667 0.667-0.667v0h6c0.368 0 0.667 0.298 0.667 0.667v0c0 0.368-0.298 0.667-0.667 0.667v0z\"\/><\/svg>\n <span class=\"js-event-duration\"><\/span>\n <\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"scaler-event-card__cta js-event-cta\">Register with 1-Click<\/a>\n <\/article>\n <\/div>\n <\/template>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-events-carousel__inner\">\n <header class=\"scaler-events-header\">\n <span class=\"scaler-events-header__icon\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 33 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M6.406 6.8c-0.11 0-0.2 0.090-0.2 0.2v20c0 0.11 0.090 0.2 0.2 0.2h20c0.11 0 0.2-0.090 0.2-0.2v-20c0-0.11-0.090-0.2-0.2-0.2h-20zM4.606 7c0-0.994 0.806-1.8 1.8-1.8h20c0.994 0 1.8 0.806 1.8 1.8v20c0 0.994-0.806 1.8-1.8 1.8h-20c-0.994 0-1.8-0.806-1.8-1.8v-20z\"\/><path d=\"M22.406 3.2c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8v4c0 0.442-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8s-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8v-4c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8z\"\/><path d=\"M10.406 3.2c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8v4c0 0.442-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8s-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8v-4c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8z\"\/><path d=\"M4.606 12c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h22c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8s-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8h-22c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"\/><path d=\"M21.488 16.451c0.303 0.322 0.288 0.828-0.034 1.131l-5.838 5.5c-0.309 0.291-0.791 0.29-1.099-0.002l-3.162-3c-0.321-0.304-0.334-0.81-0.030-1.131s0.81-0.334 1.131-0.030l2.614 2.48 5.287-4.981c0.322-0.303 0.828-0.288 1.131 0.034z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/span>\n <h2 class=\"scaler-events-header__title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"live-masterclasses\"><\/span>Live Masterclasses<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n <\/header>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-events-swiper-wrap\">\n <div class=\"swiper scaler-event-swiper\">\n <div class=\"swiper-wrapper scaler-events-wrapper\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"swiper-pagination scaler-events-pagination\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"scaler-events-nav__btn scaler-nav-prev\" aria-label=\"Previous slide\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(-90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <button class=\"scaler-events-nav__btn scaler-nav-next\" aria-label=\"Next slide\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n\n <a class=\"scaler-events-viewall\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/events\/\">\n <span>View All Events<\/span>\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <script>\n document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", () => {\n\n const monthNames = [\"January\",\"February\",\"March\",\"April\",\"May\",\"June\",\"July\",\"August\",\"September\",\"October\",\"November\",\"December\"];\n\n function formatTime(st) {\n const t = new Date(st);\n const date = t.getDate();\n const month = monthNames[t.getMonth()];\n const year = t.getFullYear();\n const h = t.getHours();\n const m = String(t.getMinutes()).padStart(2, \"0\");\n let time;\n if (h === 0) time = `12:${m} AM`;\n else if (h === 12) time = `12:${m} PM`;\n else if (h > 12) time = `${h - 12}:${m} PM`;\n else time = `${h}:${m} AM`;\n return `${date} ${month} ${year} | ${time}`;\n }\n\n const carouselInstances = document.querySelectorAll('.js-scaler-carousel');\n\n carouselInstances.forEach(container => {\n\n if(container.dataset.initialized === \"true\") return;\n container.dataset.initialized = \"true\";\n\n const swiperElement = container.querySelector(\".scaler-event-swiper\");\n const swiperWrapper = container.querySelector(\".scaler-events-wrapper\");\n const template = container.querySelector(\".js-event-card-template\");\n const nextBtn = container.querySelector(\".scaler-nav-next\");\n const prevBtn = container.querySelector(\".scaler-nav-prev\");\n const paginationEl = container.querySelector(\".scaler-events-pagination\");\n\n if (!swiperWrapper || !template) {\n console.error(\"Scaler Carousel: Missing required elements inside container\");\n return;\n }\n\n const swiper = new Swiper(swiperElement, {\n slidesPerView: \"auto\",\n spaceBetween: 16,\n grabCursor: true,\n observer: true,\n observeParents: true,\n pagination: {\n el: paginationEl,\n clickable: true,\n dynamicBullets: true\n },\n navigation: {\n nextEl: nextBtn,\n prevEl: prevBtn\n },\n });\n\n function showSkeletons(count = 4) {\n swiperWrapper.innerHTML = \"\";\n for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n const clone = template.content.cloneNode(true);\n const card = clone.querySelector(\".scaler-event-card\");\n card.classList.add(\"scaler-event-card--skeleton\");\n swiperWrapper.appendChild(clone);\n }\n swiper.update();\n }\n\n function renderEvents(events) {\n swiperWrapper.innerHTML = \"\";\n\n if (events.length === 0) {\n swiperWrapper.innerHTML = `<div class=\"scaler-events-empty\">No upcoming masterclasses found.<\/div>`;\n return;\n }\n\n const pathParts = location.pathname.split(\"\/\").filter(Boolean);\n const currentSlug = pathParts.length > 0 ? pathParts[pathParts.length - 1] : \"homepage\";\n\n events.forEach(event => {\n const attr = event.attributes;\n const cd = attr.custom_data || {};\n const clone = template.content.cloneNode(true);\n const joinUrl = `\/event\/${attr.slug}\/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=master_class&utm_content=${currentSlug}`;\n\n \/\/ Instructor headshot\n const instructor = (cd.instructors && cd.instructors[0]) || {};\n const img = clone.querySelector(\".scaler-event-card__image\");\n img.src = instructor.media_url || attr.image_url ||\n \"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1531891437562-4301cf35b7e4?w=200&h=200&fit=crop\";\n img.alt = instructor.name || attr.instructor_name || attr.title;\n\n \/\/ Title + speaker\n clone.querySelector(\".scaler-event-card__title\").textContent = attr.title;\n clone.querySelector(\".js-event-speaker\").textContent = instructor.name || attr.instructor_name || \"\";\n\n \/\/ Live chip vs attendee count\n const isLive = attr.status === \"current\";\n const footer = clone.querySelector(\".scaler-event-card__img-footer\");\n const liveBadge = clone.querySelector(\".scaler-event-card__live-badge\");\n if (isLive) {\n footer.style.display = \"none\";\n liveBadge.style.display = \"flex\";\n liveBadge.textContent = \"Live\";\n } else if (attr.registration_count) {\n clone.querySelector(\".js-event-count\").textContent = attr.registration_count;\n } else {\n footer.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n\n \/\/ Takeaways (up to 2, Know More on the last)\n const takeaways = (cd.takeaways || []).slice(0, 2);\n const listEl = clone.querySelector(\".js-event-takeaways\");\n listEl.innerHTML = \"\";\n takeaways.forEach((t, idx) => {\n const item = document.createElement(\"div\");\n item.className = \"scaler-event-card__takeaway-item\";\n const dot = document.createElement(\"span\");\n dot.className = \"scaler-event-card__dot\";\n const txt = document.createElement(\"span\");\n txt.className = \"scaler-event-card__takeaway-text\";\n txt.textContent = t;\n item.appendChild(dot);\n item.appendChild(txt);\n if (idx === takeaways.length - 1) {\n const km = document.createElement(\"a\");\n km.className = \"scaler-event-card__knowmore\";\n km.textContent = \"Know More\";\n km.href = joinUrl;\n item.appendChild(km);\n }\n listEl.appendChild(item);\n });\n\n \/\/ Date + duration\n clone.querySelector(\".js-event-date\").textContent = formatTime(attr.start_time);\n let hrs = \"\";\n if (attr.duration) {\n hrs = (attr.duration \/ 60).toFixed(2);\n } else if (attr.end_time) {\n hrs = (Math.abs(new Date(attr.start_time) - new Date(attr.end_time)) \/ 3600000).toFixed(2);\n }\n clone.querySelector(\".js-event-duration\").textContent = hrs ? `${hrs} Hrs` : \"\";\n\n \/\/ CTA\n clone.querySelector(\".js-event-cta\").href = joinUrl;\n\n swiperWrapper.appendChild(clone);\n });\n\n swiper.update();\n swiper.slideTo(0);\n }\n\n async function fetchEvents() {\n try {\n showSkeletons();\n const res = await fetch(\n \"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/api\/v4\/events?event_type[]=company&distributor=scaler&type=upcoming&serializer_mode=L2&limit=8&program[]=software_development&program[]=data_science&program[]=devops&program[]=ai_ml\"\n );\n const json = await res.json();\n const events = json.data || [];\n renderEvents(events);\n } catch (error) {\n console.error(\"Failed to load events:\", error);\n if(swiperWrapper) swiperWrapper.innerHTML = `<div class=\"scaler-events-empty\">Failed to load events.<\/div>`;\n }\n }\n\n fetchEvents();\n });\n });\n <\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"module-2-control-flow-and-loops\"><\/span><strong>Module 2: Control Flow and Loops<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once you can store and manipulate data, you need to make decisions with it. Control flow is how programs choose what to do based on conditions, and loops are how they repeat actions without you writing the same code fifteen times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Topic<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What You’ll Learn<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Practice Idea<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>if, elif, else<\/td><td>Conditional branching, nested conditions, truthiness<\/td><td>Grade calculator: print A\/B\/C\/F based on a score<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>for loops<\/td><td>Iterating over lists, ranges, strings<\/td><td>Print all even numbers from 1 to 50<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>while loops<\/td><td>Condition-based repetition, infinite loop risks<\/td><td>Keep asking for a password until the user gets it right<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>break and continue<\/td><td>Exiting or skipping in loops<\/td><td>Find the first number divisible by 7 in a range<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>List comprehensions<\/td><td>Compact list creation from loops<\/td><td>Create a list of squares from 1 to 10 in one line<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nested loops<\/td><td>Loops inside loops, iteration over 2D structures<\/td><td>Print a multiplication table<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">List comprehensions are one of those Python features that feel weird at first and then become impossible to live without.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/python\/loops-in-python\/\"> Scaler’s loops in Python guide<\/a> covers both for and while loops with examples if you want extra practice beyond the table above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The while loop is where most beginners accidentally write their first infinite loop. It happens to everyone. Don\u2019t worry though, Ctrl+C is your friend in such scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"module-3-functions-modules-and-error-handling\"><\/span><strong>Module 3: Functions, Modules and Error Handling<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Functions are where Python gets genuinely useful. Instead of writing the same logic repeatedly, you define it once and call it whenever you need it. This module also covers how Python organizes code across files (modules) and how to handle things going wrong without your program crashing entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Topic<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What You’ll Learn<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Practice Idea<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Defining functions<\/td><td>def, return, calling functions, parameters<\/td><td>Write a function that converts Celsius to Fahrenheit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arguments and defaults<\/td><td>Positional, keyword, and default argument values<\/td><td>Build a function with optional parameters<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Scope<\/td><td>Local vs global variables, the LEGB rule<\/td><td>Trace what happens when local and global names clash<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lambda functions<\/td><td>Anonymous single-expression functions<\/td><td>Sort a list of tuples by the second element using lambda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Modules and imports<\/td><td>import, from…import, standard library modules<\/td><td>Use the math and random modules in a script<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>pip and virtual environments<\/td><td>Installing packages, creating and activating venvs<\/td><td>Install requests in a virtual environment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Exception handling<\/td><td>try, except, finally, raising exceptions<\/td><td>Handle a ZeroDivisionError and a ValueError gracefully<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python’s standard library is enormous, and you don’t need to know all of it. But knowing it exists saves a lot of time. Before writing custom code to do something, it’s worth checking whether Python already ships with a module that does it.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/python\/python-functions\/\"> Scaler’s functions in Python guide<\/a> is a good reference for function concepts specifically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Virtual environments deserve more attention than they usually get in beginner syllabuses. The short version: always use one. It keeps project dependencies from conflicting with each other, and you’ll thank yourself the first time you work on two projects that need different versions of the same library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Want a structured path with hands-on practice and mentorship?<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/academy\/\"><strong><em> <\/em><\/strong>Scaler’s Academy program<\/a><em> covers Python alongside data structures and system design in an industry-aligned curriculum.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n\n <!-- Source Sans Pro (topics font) -->\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.css\">\n <script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.js\"><\/script>\n\n <style>\n :root {\n --cl-primary: #005bb3;\n --cl-brand-blue: #255aad;\n --cl-card-bg: #ffffff;\n --cl-surface: #f6f7f8;\n --cl-border: #d6dee5;\n --cl-text-primary: #1a2c47; \/* neutral-scale-12 *\/\n --cl-text-secondary: #61738e; \/* neutral-scale-9 *\/\n --cl-radius: 16px;\n --cl-radius-sm: 8px;\n --cl-shadow: 0 8px 16px 0 rgba(50, 71, 102, 0.16);\n }\n\n .scaler-courses * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n .scaler-courses {\n font-family: \"Source Sans 3\", \"Source Sans Pro\", \"Roboto\", Arial, sans-serif;\n padding: 24px;\n width: 100%;\n }\n .scaler-courses__inner {\n max-width: 1000px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n position: relative;\n width: 100%;\n }\n\n \/* Header *\/\n .scaler-courses__header {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 8px;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n padding: 8px 0;\n }\n .scaler-courses__header-icon { display: inline-flex; color: var(--cl-text-primary); }\n 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display: block;\n }\n\n .scaler-course-card__detail {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n flex: 1 1 auto;\n padding: 16px 16px 8px;\n }\n .scaler-course-card__heading,\n .scaler-course-card__heading:link,\n .scaler-course-card__heading:visited {\n font-size: 20px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 1.4;\n color: var(--cl-text-primary) !important;\n margin: 0 0 8px;\n white-space: nowrap;\n overflow: hidden;\n text-overflow: ellipsis;\n }\n .scaler-course-card__instructor {\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 1.86;\n color: var(--cl-text-primary);\n white-space: nowrap;\n overflow: hidden;\n text-overflow: ellipsis;\n }\n .scaler-course-card__instructor b { font-weight: 700; }\n .scaler-course-card__desc {\n flex-grow: 1;\n margin-top: 8px;\n margin-bottom: 12px;\n font-size: 16px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n color: var(--cl-text-secondary);\n display: -webkit-box;\n -webkit-line-clamp: 2;\n -webkit-box-orient: vertical;\n overflow: hidden;\n }\n\n .scaler-course-card__footer {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: space-between;\n width: 100%;\n }\n .scaler-course-card__stat {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 4px;\n font-size: 14px;\n color: var(--cl-text-primary);\n }\n .scaler-course-card__stat svg { width: 18px; height: 18px; flex-shrink: 0; }\n .scaler-course-card__stat img { width: 20px; height: 20px; flex-shrink: 0; }\n\n \/* Side arrows *\/\n .scaler-courses__nav {\n position: absolute !important;\n top: 50% !important;\n transform: translateY(-50%) !important;\n z-index: 2;\n width: 46px !important; height: 46px !important; min-width: 46px;\n display: flex !important; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n padding: 0 !important;\n background: var(--cl-card-bg) !important;\n border: none !important;\n border-radius: var(--cl-radius-sm) !important;\n box-shadow: var(--cl-shadow) !important;\n color: var(--cl-text-secondary) !important;\n cursor: pointer;\n transition: opacity 0.2s ease, visibility 0.2s ease;\n }\n .scaler-courses__nav--prev { left: 8px !important; }\n .scaler-courses__nav--next { right: 8px !important; }\n .scaler-courses__nav svg { width: 20px !important; height: 20px !important; fill: var(--cl-text-secondary) !important; }\n .scaler-courses__nav.swiper-button-disabled { opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; pointer-events: none; }\n\n .scaler-courses .swiper-button-prev,\n .scaler-courses .swiper-button-next,\n .scaler-courses .swiper-pagination { display: none; }\n\n \/* Skeleton *\/\n .scaler-course-card--skeleton { pointer-events: none; }\n .scaler-course-card--skeleton .scaler-course-card__image,\n .scaler-course-card--skeleton .scaler-course-card__heading,\n .scaler-course-card--skeleton .scaler-course-card__instructor,\n .scaler-course-card--skeleton .scaler-course-card__desc,\n .scaler-course-card--skeleton .scaler-course-card__footer {\n background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--cl-border) 25%, var(--cl-surface) 50%, var(--cl-border) 75%);\n background-size: 200% 100%;\n 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class=\"scaler-courses__inner\">\n <div class=\"scaler-courses__header\">\n <span class=\"scaler-courses__header-icon\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M26.259 23.289h-20.518c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-14.588c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0h20.518c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 14.588c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0zM5.741 5.501c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 14.588c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0h20.518c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-14.588c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0z\"\/><path d=\"M19.764 27.619h-7.53c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.53c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z\"\/><path d=\"M14.023 9.322c0.116 0 0.223 0.035 0.312 0.096l-0.002-0.001 5.93 3.953c0.151 0.102 0.249 0.272 0.249 0.466s-0.098 0.364-0.247 0.465l-0.002 0.001-5.93 3.953c-0.087 0.059-0.195 0.094-0.31 0.094-0.309 0-0.56-0.25-0.56-0.559v-7.906c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56v0zM18.943 13.835l-4.36-2.906v5.813z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/span>\n <h2 class=\"scaler-courses__title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"free-courses-by-top-scaler-instructors\"><\/span>Free Courses by top Scaler instructors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-courses__swiper-wrap\">\n <div class=\"swiper scaler-courses-swiper\">\n <div class=\"swiper-wrapper js-courses-wrapper\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"scaler-courses__nav scaler-courses__nav--prev js-courses-prev\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(-90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <button class=\"scaler-courses__nav scaler-courses__nav--next js-courses-next\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <script>\n document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", () => {\n const EXTRA_COUNT_ADDED = 1000;\n\n \/\/ Mirrors getInstructorStar(): first token of the headline.\n function getInstructorStar(headline) {\n return (headline || \"\").toString().split(\" \")[0] || \"\";\n }\n\n document.querySelectorAll(\".js-scaler-courses\").forEach(container => {\n if (container.dataset.initialized === \"true\") return;\n container.dataset.initialized = \"true\";\n\n const swiperElement = container.querySelector(\".scaler-courses-swiper\");\n const wrapper = container.querySelector(\".js-courses-wrapper\");\n const template = container.querySelector(\".js-course-card-template\");\n const nextBtn = container.querySelector(\".js-courses-next\");\n const prevBtn = container.querySelector(\".js-courses-prev\");\n\n if (!wrapper || !template) return;\n\n const swiper = new Swiper(swiperElement, {\n slidesPerView: \"auto\",\n spaceBetween: 16,\n grabCursor: true,\n observer: true,\n observeParents: true,\n navigation: { nextEl: nextBtn, prevEl: prevBtn },\n });\n\n const pathParts = location.pathname.split(\"\/\").filter(Boolean);\n const currentSlug = pathParts.length > 0 ? pathParts[pathParts.length - 1] : \"homepage\";\n\n function showSkeletons(count = 4) {\n wrapper.innerHTML = \"\";\n for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n const clone = template.content.cloneNode(true);\n clone.querySelector(\".scaler-course-card\").classList.add(\"scaler-course-card--skeleton\");\n wrapper.appendChild(clone);\n }\n swiper.update();\n }\n\n function renderCourses(courses) {\n wrapper.innerHTML = \"\";\n if (!courses.length) { container.style.display = \"none\"; return; }\n\n courses.forEach(item => {\n const a = item.attributes || {};\n const clone = template.content.cloneNode(true);\n const instructor = (a.instructors_data && a.instructors_data[0]) || {};\n\n clone.querySelector(\".js-course-link\").href =\n `https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/course\/${a.slug}\/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=free_courses&utm_content=${currentSlug}`;\n\n const img = clone.querySelector(\".js-course-image\");\n img.src = a.cover_image_thumbnail || a.featured_image || \"\";\n img.alt = a.title || \"\";\n\n clone.querySelector(\".js-course-title\").textContent = a.title || \"\";\n\n const instrEl = clone.querySelector(\".js-course-instructor\");\n if (instructor.name) {\n instrEl.innerHTML = \"A Course by <b><\/b>\";\n instrEl.querySelector(\"b\").textContent = instructor.name;\n } else {\n instrEl.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n\n clone.querySelector(\".js-course-desc\").textContent = a.description || \"\";\n\n \/\/ Star\n const star = getInstructorStar(instructor.star_headline);\n const starWrap = clone.querySelector(\".js-course-star\");\n if (star && star !== \"0\") clone.querySelector(\".js-course-star-val\").textContent = star;\n else starWrap.style.display = \"none\";\n\n \/\/ Enrolled count (+1000 like topics)\n clone.querySelector(\".js-course-reg\").textContent =\n ((a.user_registration_count || 0) + EXTRA_COUNT_ADDED).toLocaleString(\"en-US\");\n\n wrapper.appendChild(clone);\n });\n\n swiper.update();\n swiper.slideTo(0);\n }\n\n async function fetchCourses() {\n try {\n showSkeletons();\n \/\/ Public same-origin endpoint (topics course search). Returns 6 free courses.\n const res = await fetch(\"\/topics\/api\/v1\/search\/courses\", {\n method: \"POST\",\n headers: {\n \"Content-Type\": \"application\/json\",\n \"Accept\": \"application\/json\",\n \"X-Requested-With\": \"XMLHttpRequest\",\n },\n body: JSON.stringify({\n filters: {\n q: \"\",\n page: { limit: 6, current_page: 1 },\n sort: { key: \"user_registration_count\", order: \"desc\" },\n filter_type: null,\n tags: [],\n program: [],\n level: [],\n category_type: [],\n },\n }),\n });\n const json = await res.json();\n const courses = (json && json.data) || [];\n renderCourses(courses);\n } catch (error) {\n console.error(\"Failed to load courses:\", error);\n container.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n }\n\n fetchCourses();\n });\n });\n <\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"module-4-data-structures-lists-dicts-sets-tuples\"><\/span><strong>Module 4: Data Structures (Lists, Dicts, Sets, Tuples)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python’s built-in data structures are where most of the real work happens. Lists, dictionaries, sets, and tuples are used constantly in almost every Python program you’ll ever write. Understanding when to use each one is a significant part of writing clean, efficient code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Structure<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>When to Use It<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Key Operations to Know<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>List<\/td><td>Ordered, changeable collection; preserves duplicates<\/td><td>append, pop, slicing, sort, len, index<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tuple<\/td><td>Ordered, unchangeable collection; slightly faster than lists<\/td><td>indexing, unpacking, use as dict keys<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dictionary<\/td><td>Key-value pairs; fast lookup by key<\/td><td>get, keys, values, items, update, pop<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Set<\/td><td>Unordered, unique values; fast membership testing<\/td><td>add, discard, union, intersection, difference<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Choosing the wrong data structure is a common source of slow code. A list works fine for 50 items. For 5 million items where you’re constantly checking membership, a set is dramatically faster.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/data-structures\/\"> Scaler’s data structures guide<\/a> covers the broader theory behind why these differences matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dictionary comprehensions work the same way as list comprehensions, just with key-value pairs. Once you’re comfortable with list comprehensions from Module 2, dict comprehensions will take about five minutes to pick up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"module-5-oop-file-handling-and-popular-libraries\"><\/span><strong>Module 5: OOP, File Handling and Popular Libraries<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Object-oriented programming is the point where Python starts feeling like a proper engineering tool rather than a scripting language. This module introduces classes and objects, shows you how to read and write files, and gives you a first look at the libraries that make Python so dominant in data work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Object-Oriented Programming<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Topic<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What You’ll Learn<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Practice Idea<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Classes and objects<\/td><td>class keyword, __init__, instance variables, methods<\/td><td>Create a BankAccount class with deposit and withdraw methods<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inheritance<\/td><td>Subclasses, overriding methods, super()<\/td><td>Create a SavingsAccount that inherits from BankAccount<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Encapsulation<\/td><td>Private attributes, getters and setters<\/td><td>Add balance validation so withdrawals can’t go negative<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Special methods<\/td><td>__str__, __repr__, __len__, __eq__<\/td><td>Make your class print something readable with __str__<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>File Handling<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reading and writing files is a basic requirement for almost any real application. Python’s file handling is straightforward. Open a file with open(), read or write what you need, and close it. The with statement handles closing automatically, which is the pattern you should use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        Reading text files: open(), read(), readlines(), iterating line by line<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        Writing and appending: write mode (‘w’) vs append mode (‘a’)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        Working with CSV files: the csv module for structured data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        JSON handling: json.load() and json.dump() for config files and APIs<\/p>\n\n\n<style data-wp-block-html=\"css\">\n<style>\n :root {\n --sp-brand: #255aad; \/* brand blue *\/\n --sp-brand-hover: #19468c;\n --sp-card-bg: #ffffff; \/* neutral-scale-0 *\/\n --sp-surface: #f4f6f9; \/* neutral-scale-2 *\/\n --sp-pill-bg: #f8fafc;\n --sp-border: #d6dee5; \/* neutral-scale-4 *\/\n --sp-text-primary: #1a2c47; \/* neutral-scale-12 *\/\n --sp-text-secondary: #61738e; \/* neutral-scale-9 *\/\n }\n\n .scaler-placement * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n .scaler-placement {\n font-family: \"Source Sans 3\", \"Source Sans Pro\", \"Roboto\", Arial, sans-serif;\n width: 100%;\n max-width: 100%;\n margin: 24px auto;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n }\n\n \/* ---- Placement report (OnlineCallout) ---- *\/\n .scaler-placement__title {\n font-size: 24px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 1.3;\n color: var(--sp-text-primary);\n margin: 0 0 16px;\n }\n\n .scaler-placement__card {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n width: 100%;\n background: var(--sp-card-bg);\n border: 1px solid var(--sp-border);\n border-radius: 20px;\n padding: 16px;\n box-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(37, 90, 173, 0.04);\n overflow: hidden;\n gap: 5px;\n }\n\n .scaler-placement__top {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: row;\n align-items: center;\n width: 100%;\n gap: 18px;\n }\n\n .scaler-placement__stat-block {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: center;\n align-items: center;\n width: 30%;\n min-width: 200px;\n flex-shrink: 0;\n background: var(--sp-surface);\n border: 1px solid var(--sp-border);\n border-radius: 16px;\n padding: 16px 10px;\n gap: 8px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__stat-number {\n font-size: 48px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 1;\n color: var(--sp-brand);\n text-align: center;\n }\n .scaler-placement__stat-label {\n font-size: 13px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 14px;\n color: rgba(37, 90, 173, 0.85);\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.8px;\n }\n\n .scaler-placement__info {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: center;\n flex: 1;\n gap: 10px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__proof-header {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: row;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 8px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__proof-header svg { width: 18px; height: 18px; flex-shrink: 0; }\n .scaler-placement__proof-label {\n font-size: 12px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 16px;\n color: var(--sp-brand);\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 1px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__body-text {\n font-size: 16px;\n font-weight: 400;\n line-height: 24px;\n color: var(--sp-text-primary);\n margin: 0;\n }\n\n .scaler-placement__bottom {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n align-items: flex-start;\n margin-left: calc(30% + 18px);\n width: calc(70% - 18px);\n gap: 12px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__stats-row {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: row;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 24px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__stat-item {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: row;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 8px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__stat-item > svg {\n color: var(--sp-brand);\n width: 18px;\n height: 18px;\n flex-shrink: 0;\n }\n .scaler-placement__stat-text {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: row;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 4px;\n }\n .scaler-placement__stat-value {\n font-size: 16px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 24px;\n color: var(--sp-text-primary);\n }\n .scaler-placement__stat-desc {\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 400;\n line-height: 20px;\n color: var(--sp-text-secondary);\n }\n\n .scaler-placement__cta,\n .scaler-placement__cta:link,\n .scaler-placement__cta:visited {\n display: inline-flex;\n align-items: center;\n align-self: flex-start;\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n line-height: 20px;\n color: var(--sp-brand) !important;\n gap: 6px;\n text-decoration: none;\n cursor: pointer;\n margin-top: 2px;\n transition: color 0.25s ease;\n }\n .scaler-placement__cta:hover,\n .scaler-placement__cta:focus { color: var(--sp-brand-hover) !important; }\n .scaler-placement__cta svg {\n width: 14px;\n height: 14px;\n fill: currentColor;\n transition: transform 0.25s ease;\n }\n .scaler-placement__cta:hover svg { transform: translateX(3px); }\n\n \/* ---- Hiring Partners ---- *\/\n .scaler-hiring {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n flex-wrap: wrap;\n gap: 8px 12px;\n margin: 24px 0 8px;\n padding-top: 16px;\n border-top: 1px solid var(--sp-border);\n }\n .scaler-hiring__label {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: var(--sp-text-secondary);\n white-space: nowrap;\n }\n .scaler-hiring__pills {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n flex-wrap: wrap;\n gap: 8px;\n }\n .scaler-hiring__pill {\n display: inline-flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 6px;\n padding: 5px 12px 5px 5px;\n background: var(--sp-pill-bg);\n border-radius: 999px;\n }\n .scaler-hiring__badge {\n display: inline-flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n flex-shrink: 0;\n width: 24px;\n height: 24px;\n border-radius: 50%;\n background: #ffffff;\n }\n .scaler-hiring__logo {\n width: 16px !important;\n height: 16px !important;\n object-fit: contain;\n margin: 0 !important;\n display: block;\n }\n .scaler-hiring__name {\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--sp-text-primary);\n }\n .scaler-hiring__more {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: var(--sp-text-secondary);\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .scaler-placement__title { font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 12px; }\n .scaler-placement__card { gap: 16px; border-radius: 16px; }\n .scaler-placement__top { gap: 12px; }\n .scaler-placement__stat-block { width: 35%; min-width: 110px; padding: 12px 8px; gap: 4px; }\n .scaler-placement__stat-number { font-size: 24px; }\n .scaler-placement__stat-label { font-size: 10px; }\n .scaler-placement__body-text { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; }\n .scaler-placement__bottom { margin-left: 0; width: 100%; gap: 16px; }\n .scaler-placement__stats-row { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px 16px; }\n .scaler-placement__stat-value { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; }\n .scaler-placement__stat-desc { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; }\n }\n<\/style>\n\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n\n <!-- Source Sans Pro (topics font) -->\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<div class=\"scaler-placement\">\n <h2 class=\"scaler-placement__title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"scaler-placement-report-and-statistics\"><\/span>Scaler Placement Report and Statistics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__top\">\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-block\">\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-number\">\u20b923L<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-label\">AVG CTC<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__info\">\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__proof-header\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 21 21\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8.64 0 0 8.683V21h12.257l8.64-8.683V0H8.64zm-.11 17.257H3.725v-4.828H8.53v4.828zm7.901-1.88-4.174 4.194V8.684H1.447l4.076-4.14h10.914l-.006 10.83v.004z\" fill=\"#255aad\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <span class=\"scaler-placement__proof-label\">SCALER PLACEMENT PROOF<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"scaler-placement__body-text\">\n Scaler learners achieved 2.5x salary growth with average post-Scaler CTC reaching \u20b923L.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__bottom\">\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stats-row\">\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-item\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M11.199 7.957c-3.086 0-5.588 2.502-5.588 5.588s2.502 5.588 5.588 5.588c3.086 0 5.588-2.502 5.588-5.588s-2.502-5.588-5.588-5.588zM3.611 13.545c0-4.191 3.397-7.588 7.588-7.588s7.588 3.397 7.588 7.588c0 4.191-3.397 7.588-7.588 7.588s-7.588-3.397-7.588-7.588z\"><\/path><path d=\"M21.090 6.369h0.003c1.989 0 3.897 0.79 5.303 2.197s2.197 3.314 2.197 5.303-0.79 3.897-2.197 5.303c-1.406 1.407-3.314 2.197-5.303 2.197-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1s0.448-1 1-1c1.459 0 2.858-0.579 3.889-1.611s1.611-2.43 1.611-3.889c0-1.459-0.58-2.858-1.611-3.889s-2.429-1.611-3.888-1.611c-0.507 0.002-1.013 0.070-1.502 0.203-0.533 0.145-1.082-0.17-1.227-0.703s0.17-1.082 0.703-1.227c0.659-0.179 1.339-0.27 2.021-0.272z\"><\/path><path d=\"M10.906 21.364c-1.605 0-3.186 0.386-4.61 1.126s-2.649 1.811-3.572 3.124c-0.318 0.452-0.941 0.561-1.393 0.243s-0.561-0.941-0.243-1.393c1.107-1.576 2.577-2.862 4.286-3.749s3.606-1.351 5.532-1.351 3.823 0.463 5.532 1.351c1.709 0.888 3.179 2.174 4.286 3.749 0.318 0.452 0.209 1.076-0.243 1.393s-1.076 0.209-1.393-0.243c-0.923-1.313-2.148-2.385-3.572-3.124s-3.005-1.126-4.61-1.126z\"><\/path><path d=\"M25.704 22.493c-1.424-0.74-3.005-1.125-4.61-1.124-0.552 0-1-0.447-1.001-0.999s0.447-1 0.999-1.001c1.926-0.001 3.824 0.462 5.533 1.349s3.179 2.174 4.286 3.751c0.317 0.452 0.208 1.076-0.244 1.393s-1.076 0.208-1.393-0.244c-0.922-1.313-2.147-2.385-3.571-3.125z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-text\">\n <span class=\"scaler-placement__stat-value\">11,000+<\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-placement__stat-desc\">placements<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-item\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M1.2 27.5c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h28c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8s-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8h-28c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"><\/path><path d=\"M3.727 4.227c0.338-0.338 0.795-0.527 1.273-0.527h12c0.477 0 0.935 0.19 1.273 0.527s0.527 0.795 0.527 1.273v22c0 0.442-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8s-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8v-22c0-0.053-0.021-0.104-0.059-0.141s-0.088-0.059-0.141-0.059h-12c-0.053 0-0.104 0.021-0.141 0.059s-0.059 0.088-0.059 0.141v22c0 0.442-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8s-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8v-22c0-0.477 0.19-0.935 0.527-1.273z\"><\/path><path d=\"M17.2 12.5c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h9c0.477 0 0.935 0.19 1.273 0.527s0.527 0.795 0.527 1.273v14c0 0.442-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8s-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8v-14c0-0.053-0.021-0.104-0.059-0.141s-0.088-0.059-0.141-0.059h-9c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"><\/path><path d=\"M7.2 9.5c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h4c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8s-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8h-4c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"><\/path><path d=\"M9.2 17.5c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h4c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8s-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8h-4c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"><\/path><path d=\"M7.2 22.5c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h4c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8s-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8h-4c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"><\/path><path d=\"M21.2 22.5c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h2c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8s-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8h-2c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"><\/path><path d=\"M21.2 17.5c0-0.442 0.358-0.8 0.8-0.8h2c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8s-0.358 0.8-0.8 0.8h-2c-0.442 0-0.8-0.358-0.8-0.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-text\">\n <span class=\"scaler-placement__stat-value\">650+<\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-placement__stat-desc\">companies<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-placement__stat-item\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 25 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M5.60938 18.8906C4.74688 18.0281 5.31875 16.2188 4.87813 15.1594C4.4375 14.1 2.75 13.1719 2.75 12C2.75 10.8281 4.41875 9.9375 4.87813 8.84063C5.3375 7.74375 4.74688 5.97187 5.60938 5.10938C6.47187 4.24688 8.28125 4.81875 9.34063 4.37813C10.4 3.9375 11.3281 2.25 12.5 2.25C13.6719 2.25 14.5625 3.91875 15.6594 4.37813C16.7562 4.8375 18.5281 4.24688 19.3906 5.10938C20.2531 5.97187 19.6812 7.78125 20.1219 8.84063C20.5625 9.9 22.25 10.8281 22.25 12C22.25 13.1719 20.5813 14.0625 20.1219 15.1594C19.6625 16.2562 20.2531 18.0281 19.3906 18.8906C18.5281 19.7531 16.7188 19.1812 15.6594 19.6219C14.6 20.0625 13.6719 21.75 12.5 21.75C11.3281 21.75 10.4375 20.0813 9.34063 19.6219C8.24375 19.1625 6.47187 19.7531 5.60938 18.8906Z\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#255aad\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><path d=\"M16.625 9.75L11.1219 15L8.375 12.375\" stroke=\"#255aad\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <span class=\"scaler-placement__stat-desc\">Verified data<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <a class=\"scaler-placement__cta\" href=\"https:\/\/d2beiqkhq929f0.cloudfront.net\/public_assets\/assets\/000\/195\/869\/original\/Scaler_Career_Report.pdf?1778499863\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n See full placement report\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-hiring\">\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__label\">Hiring Partners:<\/span>\n <div class=\"scaler-hiring__pills\">\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__pill\">\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__badge\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-hiring__logo\" src=\"https:\/\/d19zaobb0foqu6.cloudfront.net\/topics\/images\/googleicon_.svg\" alt=\"Google\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__name\">Google<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__pill\">\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__badge\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-hiring__logo\" src=\"https:\/\/d19zaobb0foqu6.cloudfront.net\/topics\/images\/amazonicon_.svg\" alt=\"Amazon\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__name\">Amazon<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__pill\">\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__badge\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-hiring__logo\" src=\"https:\/\/d19zaobb0foqu6.cloudfront.net\/topics\/images\/microsoft.svg\" alt=\"Microsoft\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__name\">Microsoft<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__pill\">\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__badge\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-hiring__logo\" src=\"https:\/\/d19zaobb0foqu6.cloudfront.net\/topics\/images\/flipkarticon_.svg\" alt=\"Flipkart\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__name\">Flipkart<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__pill\">\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__badge\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-hiring__logo\" src=\"https:\/\/d19zaobb0foqu6.cloudfront.net\/topics\/images\/adobeicon_.svg\" alt=\"Adobe\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__name\">Adobe<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <span class=\"scaler-hiring__more\">1200+ more<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Introduction to NumPy and Pandas<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These two libraries are the reason Python became the default language for data science. You don't need to go deep on either at this stage, but a working introduction sets you up for the next phase of learning.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/data-science-course\/\"> Scaler's data science course<\/a> covers both in significant depth if you're heading in that direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Library<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What It Does<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Beginner Starting Point<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NumPy<\/td><td>Fast numerical computation with arrays and matrices<\/td><td>Create arrays, do arithmetic, use shape and reshape<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pandas<\/td><td>Tabular data manipulation with DataFrames<\/td><td>Load a CSV, filter rows, compute column averages<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both libraries are available via pip and listed on<a href=\"https:\/\/pypi.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> PyPI (pypi.org)<\/a>, the Python Package Index. NumPy is a dependency for Pandas, so installing Pandas pulls in NumPy automatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Heading into data science after Python basics?<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/data-science-course\/\"><strong><em> <\/em><\/strong>Scaler's Data Science course<\/a><em> covers NumPy, Pandas, machine learning, and real-world projects with guided mentorship.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"projects-and-your-next-steps-after-python\"><\/span><strong>Projects and Your Next Steps After Python<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theory is necessary but not sufficient. The only way to actually consolidate what you've learned is to build things. Key point to always remember is that practical over theory, always! Here are five beginner projects that map directly to the modules above, roughly in order of complexity:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Project<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Modules Used<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What You'll Practice<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Number guessing game<\/td><td>Modules 1, 2<\/td><td>Variables, loops, conditionals, random module<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Simple contact book<\/td><td>Modules 1, 2, 3, 4<\/td><td>Dictionaries, functions, user input, file saving<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Expense tracker (CSV-based)<\/td><td>Modules 3, 4, 5<\/td><td>File handling, data structures, basic data analysis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Student grade calculator<\/td><td>Modules 1, 2, 3, 5 (OOP)<\/td><td>Classes, methods, loops, file output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Basic web scraper<\/td><td>Modules 3, 5<\/td><td>Third-party libraries (requests, BeautifulSoup), file handling<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Build at least two or three of these before deciding what to specialize in. The projects will surface gaps in your understanding faster than any syllabus can predict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Where to Go After This Syllabus<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python is a starting point, not a destination. Where you go next depends on what you want to build:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        <strong>Data Science and ML: <\/strong>NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn, then deep learning frameworks like PyTorch or TensorFlow<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        <strong>Web Development: <\/strong>Flask or Django for backend APIs, then deployment with Docker and cloud platforms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        <strong>Automation and Scripting: <\/strong>os, shutil, subprocess, requests, Selenium for browser automation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022        <strong>Data Structures and Algorithms: <\/strong>Essential for engineering interviews regardless of specialization<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of these paths start from the same foundation this syllabus builds.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/courses\/\"> Scaler's full courses library<\/a> has structured programs across data science, software engineering, and DevOps if you want a guided path rather than self-study.<\/p>\n\n\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n\n <!-- Source Sans Pro (topics font) -->\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.css\">\n <script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@11\/swiper-bundle.min.js\"><\/script>\n\n <style>\n :root {\n --ss-primary: #005bb3; \/* primary-color-80 *\/\n --ss-card-bg: #ffffff;\n --ss-border: #e6e6e6;\n --ss-quote-bg: #f6f6f6;\n --ss-text-dark: #1c1c1c;\n --ss-text-mid: #6b6b6b;\n --ss-text-muted: #9a9a9a;\n --ss-radius: 12px;\n --ss-radius-sm: 8px;\n --ss-shadow: 0 8px 16px 0 rgba(50, 71, 102, 0.16);\n }\n\n .scaler-ss * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n .scaler-ss {\n font-family: \"Source Sans 3\", 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.scaler-ss-card__col-role {\n font-size: 13px;\n line-height: 18px;\n color: var(--ss-text-mid);\n }\n .scaler-ss-card__col-company {\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 20px;\n color: var(--ss-text-dark);\n }\n .scaler-ss-card__company-logo {\n margin-top: 2px;\n max-width: 64px;\n max-height: 20px;\n width: auto;\n height: auto;\n object-fit: contain;\n display: block;\n }\n .scaler-ss-card__arrow {\n flex-shrink: 0;\n width: 28px;\n height: 8px;\n color: var(--ss-text-mid);\n fill: currentColor;\n }\n\n \/* Quote *\/\n .scaler-ss-card__quote {\n font-size: 13px;\n font-style: italic;\n line-height: 19px;\n color: var(--ss-text-mid);\n background: var(--ss-quote-bg);\n border-radius: var(--ss-radius-sm);\n padding: 8px 10px;\n }\n\n \/* View Profile *\/\n .scaler-ss-card__cta,\n .scaler-ss-card__cta:link,\n .scaler-ss-card__cta:visited {\n display: block;\n margin-top: auto;\n text-align: center;\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--ss-primary) 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}\n .scaler-ss__nav--next { right: 8px !important; }\n .scaler-ss__nav svg {\n width: 20px !important;\n height: 20px !important;\n fill: #61738e !important;\n }\n .scaler-ss__nav.swiper-button-disabled {\n opacity: 0;\n visibility: hidden;\n pointer-events: none;\n }\n\n .scaler-ss .swiper-button-prev,\n .scaler-ss .swiper-button-next,\n .scaler-ss .swiper-pagination { display: none; }\n\n \/* Skeleton *\/\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton { pointer-events: none; }\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__hike,\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__avatar,\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__person-text,\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__transition,\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__quote,\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__cta {\n background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--ss-border) 25%, var(--ss-quote-bg) 50%, var(--ss-border) 75%);\n background-size: 200% 100%;\n animation: ss-shimmer 1.5s infinite;\n color: transparent !important;\n border-color: transparent !important;\n border-radius: 4px;\n }\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__person-text { flex: 1; height: 32px; }\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__transition { height: 56px; }\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__quote { height: 48px; }\n .scaler-ss-card--skeleton .scaler-ss-card__cta { height: 38px; }\n\n @keyframes ss-shimmer {\n 0% { background-position: 200% 0; }\n 100% { background-position: -200% 0; }\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .scaler-ss { padding: 16px; }\n .scaler-ss__heading { font-size: 22px; line-height: 30px; }\n .scaler-ss-swiper .swiper-slide { width: 270px; }\n .scaler-ss__nav { display: none !important; }\n }\n <\/style>\n\n\n\n <div class=\"scaler-ss js-scaler-ss\">\n\n <template class=\"js-ss-card-template\">\n <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n <article class=\"scaler-ss-card\">\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__hike js-ss-hike\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__body\">\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__person\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"scaler-ss-card__avatar js-ss-avatar\" src=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\">\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__person-text\">\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__name js-ss-name\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__city js-ss-city\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__transition\">\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__col\">\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__col-label\">BEFORE:<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__col-role js-ss-before-role\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__col-company js-ss-before-company\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <svg class=\"scaler-ss-card__arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 8\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M31.3882 4.35355C31.5835 4.15829 31.5835 3.84171 31.3882 3.64645L28.2062 0.464466C28.011 0.269204 27.6944 0.269204 27.4991 0.464466C27.3039 0.659728 27.3039 0.976311 27.4991 1.17157L30.3276 4L27.4991 6.82843C27.3039 7.02369 27.3039 7.34027 27.4991 7.53553C27.6944 7.7308 28.011 7.7308 28.2062 7.53553L31.3882 4.35355ZM0.034668 4.5H31.0347V3.5H0.034668V4.5Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__col\">\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__col-label\">NOW:<\/div>\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__col-role js-ss-now-role\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"js-ss-now-company\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-ss-card__quote js-ss-quote\"><\/div>\n\n <a class=\"scaler-ss-card__cta js-ss-cta\" href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">View Profile<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/article>\n <\/div>\n <\/template>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-ss__inner\">\n <h2 class=\"scaler-ss__heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"scaler-alumni-and-their-success-stories\"><\/span>Scaler Alumni and Their Success Stories<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"scaler-ss__swiper-wrap\">\n <div class=\"swiper scaler-ss-swiper\">\n <div class=\"swiper-wrapper js-ss-wrapper\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"scaler-ss__nav scaler-ss__nav--prev js-ss-prev\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(-90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <button class=\"scaler-ss__nav scaler-ss__nav--next js-ss-next\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n <svg fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"transform: rotate(90deg);\"><path d=\"M5.313 16l10.688-10.688 10.688 10.688-1.938 1.875-7.438-7.438v16.25h-2.625v-16.25l-7.5 7.438z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n <\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <script>\n document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", () => {\n\n const ASSET_CDN = \"https:\/\/d2beiqkhq929f0.cloudfront.net\/public_assets\/assets\";\n const AVATAR_FALLBACK =\n \"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg' width='44' height='44' viewBox='0 0 44 44'%3E%3Ccircle cx='22' cy='22' r='22' fill='%23e6e6e6'\/%3E%3Ccircle cx='22' cy='17' r='7' fill='%23b9b9b9'\/%3E%3Cpath d='M8 40c0-8 6.3-13 14-13s14 5 14 13' fill='%23b9b9b9'\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\";\n\n \/\/ Mirrors buildAssetUrl(): pass through absolute urls, else build the CDN url.\n function buildAssetUrl(raw) {\n if (!raw) return \"\";\n if (String(raw).startsWith(\"http\")) return raw;\n return `${ASSET_CDN}\/${raw}\/original`;\n }\n\n const instances = document.querySelectorAll(\".js-scaler-ss\");\n\n instances.forEach(container => {\n if (container.dataset.initialized === \"true\") return;\n container.dataset.initialized = \"true\";\n\n const swiperElement = container.querySelector(\".scaler-ss-swiper\");\n const wrapper = container.querySelector(\".js-ss-wrapper\");\n const template = container.querySelector(\".js-ss-card-template\");\n const nextBtn = container.querySelector(\".js-ss-next\");\n const prevBtn = container.querySelector(\".js-ss-prev\");\n\n if (!wrapper || !template) {\n console.error(\"Scaler Success Stories: missing required elements\");\n return;\n }\n\n const swiper = new Swiper(swiperElement, {\n slidesPerView: \"auto\",\n spaceBetween: 16,\n grabCursor: true,\n observer: true,\n observeParents: true,\n navigation: { nextEl: nextBtn, prevEl: prevBtn },\n });\n\n const pathParts = location.pathname.split(\"\/\").filter(Boolean);\n const currentSlug = pathParts.length > 0 ? pathParts[pathParts.length - 1] : \"homepage\";\n const profileUrl =\n `https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/review\/?utm_source=blog&utm_medium=success_stories&utm_content=${currentSlug}`;\n\n function showSkeletons(count = 4) {\n wrapper.innerHTML = \"\";\n for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n const clone = template.content.cloneNode(true);\n clone.querySelector(\".scaler-ss-card\").classList.add(\"scaler-ss-card--skeleton\");\n wrapper.appendChild(clone);\n }\n swiper.update();\n }\n\n function renderStories(stories) {\n wrapper.innerHTML = \"\";\n if (!stories.length) {\n container.style.display = \"none\"; \/\/ match topics: render nothing when empty\n return;\n }\n\n stories.forEach(story => {\n const a = story.attributes || {};\n const clone = template.content.cloneNode(true);\n\n const hike = String(a.growth || \"\").replace(\"%\", \"\").trim() || \"150\";\n clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-hike\").textContent = `${hike}% HIKE`;\n\n \/\/ Avatar\n const avatar = buildAssetUrl(a.image_url) || a.generated_thumbnail_url || \"\";\n const img = clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-avatar\");\n img.src = avatar || AVATAR_FALLBACK;\n img.alt = a.name || \"Scaler alumnus\";\n img.onerror = function () { this.onerror = null; this.src = AVATAR_FALLBACK; };\n\n clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-name\").textContent = a.name || \"\";\n const cityEl = clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-city\");\n if (a.city) cityEl.textContent = a.city; else cityEl.style.display = \"none\";\n\n \/\/ BEFORE\n clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-before-role\").textContent = a.pre_scaler_role || a.pre_academy_company || \"\";\n const beforeCompany = clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-before-company\");\n if (a.pre_academy_company) beforeCompany.textContent = a.pre_academy_company;\n else beforeCompany.style.display = \"none\";\n\n \/\/ NOW\n clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-now-role\").textContent = a.role || \"\";\n const nowCompanyBox = clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-now-company\");\n const companyLogo = buildAssetUrl(a.company_logo_url);\n if (companyLogo) {\n const logo = document.createElement(\"img\");\n logo.className = \"scaler-ss-card__company-logo\";\n logo.src = companyLogo;\n logo.alt = a.post_academy_company || \"company\";\n logo.loading = \"lazy\";\n logo.onerror = function () {\n this.onerror = null;\n this.replaceWith(Object.assign(document.createElement(\"div\"), {\n className: \"scaler-ss-card__col-company\",\n textContent: a.post_academy_company || \"\",\n }));\n };\n nowCompanyBox.appendChild(logo);\n } else if (a.post_academy_company) {\n nowCompanyBox.className = \"scaler-ss-card__col-company\";\n nowCompanyBox.textContent = a.post_academy_company;\n }\n\n \/\/ Quote (clip to 110 chars like topics)\n const quoteEl = clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-quote\");\n quoteEl.textContent = `\u201c${String(a.content).slice(0, 110)}\u2026\u201d`;\n\n \/\/ View Profile\n clone.querySelector(\".js-ss-cta\").href = profileUrl;\n\n wrapper.appendChild(clone);\n });\n\n swiper.update();\n swiper.slideTo(0);\n }\n\n async function fetchStories() {\n try {\n showSkeletons();\n \/\/ Same-origin POST on www.scaler.com (the blog canonical host).\n \/\/ The endpoint only returns JSON when the Referer is a \/topics\/ page\n \/\/ (a soft anti-hotlinking gate); a \/blog\/ referer gets a Turbolinks\n \/\/ redirect. Since blog + topics are the same origin, we set the\n \/\/ fetch referrer to a topics URL so the server serves the data.\n const res = await fetch(\"\/success-stories\/testimonials\", {\n method: \"POST\",\n credentials: \"include\",\n referrer: \"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/\",\n referrerPolicy: \"unsafe-url\",\n headers: {\n \"Content-Type\": \"application\/json\",\n \"Accept\": \"application\/json\",\n \"X-Requested-With\": \"XMLHttpRequest\",\n },\n \/\/ q:{} => all programs (no program filter)\n body: JSON.stringify({\n page_number: 1,\n per_page: 12,\n sort_by: \"eligible_for_qna\",\n new_quick_filters: true,\n quick_filter: [],\n q: {},\n }),\n });\n const json = await res.json();\n const all = (json && json.data && json.data.data) || [];\n \/\/ Only show stories that carry a testimonial quote (matches topics).\n const withQuote = all.filter(s => s.attributes && s.attributes.content);\n renderStories(withQuote);\n } catch (error) {\n console.error(\"Failed to load success stories:\", error);\n container.style.display = \"none\";\n }\n }\n\n fetchStories();\n });\n });\n <\/script>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"faqs-aka-the-most-frequently-asked-questions\"><\/span><strong>FAQs aka The Most Frequently Asked Questions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is the syllabus of Python programming?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A complete Python programming syllabus covers syntax and data types, control flow and loops, functions and error handling, built-in data structures (lists, dictionaries, sets, tuples), object-oriented programming, file handling, and an introduction to libraries like NumPy and Pandas. This page maps all of that into a five-module learning sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How long does it take to learn Python?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a complete beginner, getting through the core syllabus takes roughly 6 to 10 weeks at a few hours of practice per day. Getting to a level where you can build real projects comfortably takes 3 to 6 months, depending on how much you practice and what you're building.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Is Python good for absolute beginners?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes! And it's one of the better choices specifically because of how it's designed! Python enforces readable syntax, avoids a lot of the boilerplate that languages like Java require, and has an enormous beginner-friendly community. The standard library and PyPI together mean you rarely need to build common functionality from scratch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What should I learn after Python basics?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After completing the core syllabus, the next step depends on your goal. For data science, go deeper on NumPy, Pandas, and then machine learning libraries. For software engineering, learn data structures and algorithms and then a web framework like Django or Flask. Most career paths will also benefit from learning Git, SQL, and basic terminal usage alongside Python.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Do I need math to learn Python?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not to learn Python itself, being honest. The syntax and programming concepts require logical thinking, not mathematics. If you're heading into data science or machine learning, linear algebra and statistics become relevant at the library level (NumPy, Scikit-learn), but that's a separate concern from learning Python as a language. Start writing code first and worry about the math when you actually need it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Python is one of those rare languages where the barrier to writing your first line of code is almost insultingly low. A single print() statement and you’re technically a Python programmer. What’s less clear to most beginners is what comes after that, which topics to cover, in what sequence, and how to get from syntax […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":241,"featured_media":12836,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[313,320],"tags":[411,321],"class_list":["post-12835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-python","category-syllabus","tag-python-syllabus","tag-syllabus"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12835","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/241"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12835"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12835\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13715,"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12835\/revisions\/13715"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12836"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12835"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12835"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}