Make your own SQL code prettier and more readable by using SQL formatter.

SQL Formatter

Discover Free online SQL validator on Scaler Topics. Make your code much easier to read and edit with this free tool.

SQL Validator

---
title: SQL Tutorial - Scaler Topics
description: Basic to advanced SQL tutorial for programmers. Learn SQL with step-by-step guide along with applications and example programs by Scaler Topics.
author: Divyanshu Soni
category: SQL
---

:::section{.main}

## What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language designed for maintaining the data in a relational database management system. With SQL, you can easily create and manage the data, create the tables, update or modify records in the databases, etc. A database is a table that consists of rows and columns. SQL is useful to retrieve specific information from the databases that are further used for analysis.

:::

:::section{.main}

## Why learn SQL?
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the go-to language for an engineer, business analyst, etc., to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several reasons why you should consider it.

* Firstly, with SQL, you can communicate directly with the databases without manipulating or organising data by hand. This means you can extract the exact information from the databases you need. 
* Additionally, the procedure or logic to solve a problem related to the database is written in SQL query and not lost in manual copies, saving you a lot of time and effort.
* Learning SQL can also help you quickly fix and find errors in your process. Using the SQL language, you can quickly and efficiently debug your code and ensure your queries are running as intended.

If you're interested in learning SQL, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to get started. Whether you want to improve your data analysis skills or learn a valuable new programming language, SQL is worth considering.

:::

:::section{.main}
## Some SQL commands
SQL, short for Structured Query Language, is a powerful programming language used to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several commands you should become familiar with. These include `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE`. You can easily manipulate and retrieve data from databases by mastering these SQL commands. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced programmer, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to learn the SQL language and become proficient.

:::

:::section{.main}

## History of SQL

- IN 1970, Dr. Codd published a paper, ``"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"`` and it may have ended there.
- In 1970s, IBM researchers Raymond  Boyce and Donald Chamberlin started working on SQL and they called it SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language).
- The language was created following Edgar Frank Codd's paper, ``"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"``, in 1970. This became the foundation for the relational database system.
- In 1979, IBM released a system called SQL data system and in 1985, IBM released DB2, a relational database management system. 
- After that Microsoft released their first version of SQL server in 1987.

:::

:::section{.main}

## Applications of SQL
There are various applications of SQL which are also widely used to govern massive databases.

- SQL is used to create the database, characterize its structure, use it in the applications and afterward dispose it when you are finished with it.
- SQL is used as a Data manipulation language, which means you can use it for keeping up a previously existing database. Hence, it is a great tool/language to change or manipulate the data within the tables.
- SQL is broadly used as client or server language to connect the front-end with the backend which supports the customer architecture.

:::

:::section{.main}

## Advantages of SQL
SQL provides various advantages which make it popular across fields of software development. Below given are the advantages of SQL.

- A large amount of data is accessed and altered very efficiently from the database using SQL queries. 
- SQL does not require large number of coding lines to manage database systems. You can easily store and manage a  large amount of data using simple SQL syntactical rules.
- SQL follows long established standards set by ISO and ANSI which becomes easy to manage by anyone across the globe.
- The SQL language also helps in making multiple views of the database structure for different users.

:::

:::section{.main}
## SQL vs No-SQL
When it comes to working with databases, there are two main types of languages to consider: SQL and No-SQL. SQL, or Structured Query Language, relies on a structured, table-based approach for storing and organizing data. On the other hand, No-SQL databases use a non-relational approach to storing data.

While SQL is a powerful and widely used language and has proven to be successful multiple times, No-SQL databases, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility and scalability. Whether you're interested in learning SQL or exploring the world of No-SQL databases, you can follow the SQL and No-SQL tutorials on Scaler Topics. Ultimately, the choice between SQL and No-SQL will depend on your specific needs and the requirements of your project.
:::

:::section{.main}

:::section{.main}

## Audience
If you are considering a career in Web development, depending on your specialization you'll definitely need SQL. Backend developers need SQL to manage a website's server side programs and databases. Data analysts and data scientists use SQL to efficiently mine the data. Moreover, if you are a business analyst or strategist, SQL will help you forecast better.

:::

:::section{.main}

## Prerequisite
There are no major prerequisites to learn SQL. Although, you should know some concepts of RDBMS, for example, `database, tuple, field`, etc. and just follow this tutorial to learn about SQL from the beginning. You can follow this tutorial and learn SQL very efficiently with the help of practical examples.

:::

:::section{.main}

## What This SQL Tutorial Covers?
This SQL tutorial covers all the fundamental concepts of SQL. You'll learn to create the databases, add the records to the tables, select records based on different conditions, update and delete records in a table, etc.

Once you're familiar with the fundamental topics, you'll move on to the next level that explains the method of retrieving the data from the tables using various techniques that is available in SQL.

:::

:::section{.main}

## Career Opportunity of Learning SQL
You'll get various career opportunities that align with the knowledge of SQL. Some of them are mentioned below:
- Business Analyst
- Software Engineer
- Database Administrator
- Quality Assurance Tester 
- Data Scientist


SQL tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of SQL with examples. You'll learn about databases, and how to handle databases and retrieve the required data using SQL. 
SQL is the most widely implemented database language and is supported by many relational database systems like MySQL, Oracle, MySQL server, etc.

SQL Tutorial

What is a RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)?

Types of SQL Databases

how to install mysql in windows 10

Introduction to SQL

Create a Database in MySQL

SQL Data Types

Create Table in SQL

Clone Table in SQL

SQL INSERT INTO Statement

SQL UPDATE Query - SQL UPDATE Statement

Creating Database

SQL Query Execution Order

From Clause in SQL

SQL WHERE Clause

SQL GROUP BY

SQL HAVING Clause

ORDER BY in SQL

SQL Aliases

Clauses in SQL

SQL Operators

AND and OR Operators in SQL

Not Equal in SQL

SQL BETWEEN Operator

NULL Value in SQL

Filtering in SQL

SQL JOINS (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL Join)

Self Join in SQL

Join Multiple Tables in SQL

Equi Join and Non-Equi Join in SQL

Working with Multiple Tables

Introduction to Set Theory

SET Operators in SQL

Set Theory

String Literals 

SQL String Functions

Numeric Data Type SQL

Signed vs Unsigned

Time and Date Format in SQL

Data Types in SQL

Aggregate Functions in SQL

Group by Multiple Columns in SQL

SQL Rollup

Aggregation in SQL

Subqueries in SQL

Types of Subqueries in SQL

Correlated Subquery

Working with Subqueries

CASE Statement in SQL

Working with Conditional Statements in SQL

How Index Works in SQL?

Composite Index in SQL

B Tree Index

Bitmap Index

Advantages and Disadvantages of Indexing in SQL

Indexing in SQL

SQL Constraints

SQL PRIMARY KEY

SQL FOREIGN KEY

UNIQUE Constraint

SQL CHECK Constraint

Cascade in SQL

Views in SQL

Lock Table

SQL injection

Integrity Constraint Violation

Advance Topics in SQL

Keywords in SQL

Glossary